Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a serious viral infection transmitted through the bite of infected ticks or, less commonly, by consuming unpasteurised dairy products from infected animals. Found in several parts of Europe and Asia, this disease can lead to severe complications, including inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. For travellers heading to endemic regions, including Greece, China, and other popular travel destinations, it’s essential to understand the risks and how vaccination can provide vital protection.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the dangers of TBE, where you’re most at risk, the importance of vaccination, and why you should take precautions when travelling to areas across Europe and further afield, where tick-borne encephalitis cases have been reported.
What is Tick-Borne Encephalitis?
Tick-borne encephalitis is caused by the TBE virus, which is carried by ticks, particularly the Ixodes ricinus species (commonly known as the sheep or castor bean tick). These ticks are found in grassy or wooded areas, especially in rural and forested regions.
When a tick bites an individual, it can transmit the virus, which may cause flu-like symptoms initially. In some cases, the virus progresses to affect the central nervous system, leading to severe neurological complications.
Symptoms of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
The symptoms of TBE typically appear in two phases:
1. Initial Phase:
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Nausea
2. Neurological Phase (in severe cases):
- High fever
- Severe headache
- Neck stiffness
- Confusion or disorientation
- Seizures
- Paralysis (in rare cases)
While many individuals recover fully, some may experience long-term complications, such as chronic headaches, memory problems, or even permanent neurological damage. In rare cases, TBE can be fatal.
The Dangers of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
TBE is a serious illness with potentially life-threatening complications. Unlike some tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, TBE cannot be treated with antibiotics. Once the infection takes hold, treatment focuses solely on managing symptoms.
Severe cases can lead to:
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain, causing seizures or cognitive impairments.
Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, resulting in severe headaches and neck stiffness.
Paralysis: Rarely, TBE can cause partial or complete paralysis, particularly in older adults.
The potential for long-term complications makes prevention through vaccination and tick-bite avoidance critical.
Where is Tick-Borne Encephalitis Found?
TBE is endemic to many parts of Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia. High-risk areas are often rural, forested, or agricultural regions where ticks thrive. Key destinations include:
Europe
While Greece and other popular European travel destinations are not traditionally considered high-risk, cases of TBE have been reported in recent years, particularly in northern regions. Travellers planning outdoor activities, such as hiking or camping, should take precautions.
Countries like Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia have long been hotspots for TBE. The risk is higher in forested areas during the spring and summer months.
Scandinavia and the Baltic States
Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) report numerous cases annually, particularly in rural regions.
Russia and Asia
Russia is a major hotspot for TBE, with significant case numbers reported every year. Parts of China and Japan also report endemic areas.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Greece
While TBE is not widespread across Greece, travellers should still exercise caution, particularly in rural or forested regions of northern Greece. Activities like hiking, trekking, or camping increase the likelihood of tick exposure. In recent years, surveillance has identified TBE cases in areas close to the borders with countries where the virus is more prevalent, such as Bulgaria and Turkey.
For this reason, travellers visiting northern Greece should consider the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, especially if their trip involves outdoor activities.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination
The tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is a highly effective way to protect yourself against TBE. It’s particularly recommended for:
- Travellers spending extended time in endemic areas.
- Outdoor enthusiasts, such as hikers, campers, and cyclists.
- People working in forested or agricultural environments.
How Does the Vaccine Work?
The vaccine is administered in a series of three doses:
- The first dose provides initial protection.
- The second dose is given 1–3 months later to boost immunity.
- A third dose is administered 5–12 months after the second dose for long-term protection.
Healthcare providers recommend a booster shot every 3–5 years for individuals who remain at risk. TravelJabs4U offers convenient vaccination services to fully protect you before your trip.
How to Avoid Tick Bites
In addition to vaccination, you can reduce your risk of TBE by taking precautions to avoid tick bites:
- Avoid known heavily tick-infested areas of forest and woodland during the spring, summer and autumn where possible.
- Practise bite avoidance methods, for example, wear appropriate clothing and use insect repellents containing DEET.
- After spending time outdoors, check your body for ticks, paying close attention to areas like the armpits, groin, and scalp.
- Cover as much skin as possible with long sleeves, trousers, and socks. Light-coloured clothing makes it easier to spot ticks.
- Check the body for ticks regularly. The larval forms of Ixodes ticks are tiny and difficult to see.
- Remove ticks as soon as possible by using a pair of fine-tipped tweezers or tick remover.
- Avoid consumption of unpasteurised dairy products in areas of risk (a potential route of transmission).
Seek advice from a medical practitioner if any signs of illness occur within 28 days of a tick bite.
Why Choose TravelJabs4U?
At TravelJabs4U, we specialise in providing comprehensive travel health services, including the tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. Here’s why we’re the trusted choice for travellers:
Expert Advice: Our experienced healthcare professionals will assess your travel itinerary and recommend the right vaccinations.
Convenience: Flexible appointment times make it easy to fit vaccinations into your schedule.
Comprehensive Care: We offer a full range of travel vaccinations and health advice, ensuring you’re fully prepared.
Protect Yourself Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis is a serious illness that poses a significant risk in many parts of Europe and further afield. For travellers engaging in outdoor activities, the combination of vaccination and preventative measures is the best way to stay safe.
Don’t let the risk of TBE ruin your travel plans—schedule your tick borne encephalitis vaccine with TravelJabs4U today. Our team provides expert guidance and ensures your protection, giving you peace of mind as you explore the world.
Use our simple booking form to book an appointment today!
